What Is NATO A Short Introduction

What Is NATO A Short Introduction SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re thinking about taking the AP U.S. History or AP World History exams, it’s important that you have a good understanding of the major events and organizations that have shaped the nation- and the world. One critical topic that you should know about is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. If you’ve watched the news (or listened in history class!), you’ve probably heard the term NATO mentioned quite a bit. But what is NATO, exactly? And why is NATO important? In this short but sweet guide, we’ll give you all the need-to-know information about NATO, like NATO’s definition, an overview of NATO history, and a look into how NATO works today. We’ll also give you a short list of additional resources that you can check out for evenmoreinformation. So let’s get started! What Is NATO: Definition and Overview So what is NATO, exactly? The general purpose of NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, starts with NATO’s definition: NATO a multi-national political and military alliance dedicated to the collective security and defense of its member nations. NATO operates on the belief that a strong international alliance is critical to maintaining peace. Beyond helping member nations with issues of security and stability, NATO also provides support to the United Nations help with international peacekeeping operations, including missions that combat terrorism, protect civilians, and promote world peace. Originally founded on April 4th, 1949 when its 12 founding members signed the North Atlantic Treaty, NATO is now comprised of 29 members from around the world and has political partnerships with 21 other nations. Together, all of the NATO countries work together to â€Å"guarantee the freedom and security† of its member nations through a combination of international diplomacy, conflict prevention, and- if necessary- military intervention. This picture was taken outside of NATO's second headquarters in Paris, France in the 1950s A Glimpse Into NATO History: NATO’s Formation To fully answer the question â€Å"What is NATO?†, it’s important to understand the historical and political context behind NATO’s formation. The End of World War II and the Rise of the American Superpower World War II was perhaps the most defining moment of the 20th century. The Second World War pitted the world’s greatest powers against one another through two opposing military alliances: the Axis and the Allies. The United States- along with France, Poland, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and 21 other nations- banded together to fight against the Axis powers and Hitler’s plan to create a new world order. The war, which started on September 1, 1939, would rage for six long and bloody years before its conclusion on September 2, 1945. Historians estimate that the war resulted in 85 million casualties, including the 6 million Jews who were killed during the Holocaust. The end of World War II caused the global political winds to shift overnight. Most of Europe, which was already struggling after World War I, ended World War II economically devastated. Not only was the population decimated, 70 percent of Europe’s industrial infrastructure had been destroyed during the conflict. This caused Europe’s economy- including the economies of the world’s biggest political empires- to collapse. As a result, the United States suddenly found itself positioned as one of the world’s leading economic and political superpowers for three major reasons. First, the country’s late entry into the theater limited World War II’s economic toll. In fact, quite the opposite happened. Because the United States supplied the Allied forces with food, weapons, and military equipment, World War II created a booming wartime economy for the States. The Second World War was such a boon to the American economy that it actually ended the Great Depression! Second, the United States saw almost no action on its own soil (with the exception of the Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941). That meant that America didn’t have to undertake the massive, and expensive, rebuilding effort of its Western European allies. Third, and perhaps most importantly, the United States bankrolled the reconstruction of Europe...for a profit, of course. American Corporations involved in the war effort saw ballooning profits because of the reconstruction efforts, which were bolstered by The 1946 Marshall Plan, which pledged an additional $13 billion dollars to Europe in aid. So while the United States was committed to helping their fellow Allied powers rebuild, it wasn’t afraid to build its own economy at the same time. The Soviet Union, the Cold War, and Communism But the United States wasn’t the only emerging world power after the Second World War. Despite fighting alongside one another during World War II, the alliance between the Soviet Union (or USSR) and the United States started to deteriorate during the post-war reconstruction period. As World War II began winding down, the communist Soviet Union- led by Joseph Stalin- began its own imperialist expansion. The Soviet Union had managed the eastern front of the World War II battle theater, and as the Red Army beat back Germany, set up its own occupation of formerly German-occupied states like Poland and Czechoslovakia. And rather than relinquish these nations at the close of the war, the Soviet Union maintained control and installed pro-communist regimes. The Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, along with the USSR’s blockade of West Berlin in an attempt to gain political control of post-war Germany, convinced the United States that the Soviet Union had become a threat to democracy on par with the now-defeated Nazi Germany. Thus, the U.S. government adopted a policy of containment in order to halt the spread of communism into Western Europe. Additionally, the U.S. revealed the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which was a foreign policy that promised American aid to any democratic country that was threatened by outside totalitarian regimes. While the United States and its allies started to view the Soviet Union as an emerging communist threat, the Soviets had also soured on their alliance with the West. The USSR had suffered catastrophic casualties during World War II. The country had lost 11 million soldiers and suffered between 7 million and 20 million civilian casualties. The Soviet economy was also struggling. Beyond spending $125 billion on wartime efforts, the USSR’s economy had simultaneously shrunk by 20 percent between 1941 and 1945. The USSR had sacrificed both manpower and resources to defeat Nazi Germany, and it was sorely in need of financial assistance during post-war reconstruction. The United States was willing to offer the Soviets financial aid under The Marshall Plan, but the USSR wasn’t happy with the stipulations. First, the plan offered aid to Germany, which Russia disagreed with. The USSR, which now occupied Eastern Germany, wanted total control over whatever funds Germany received as part of The Marshall Plan. Second, The Marshall Plan required countries that accepted aid to adopt elements of democratic governance, including instituting principles of a free market economy. Stalin suspected- and rightly so- that The Marshall Plan was designed to weaken the USSR’s hold on the newly-acquired Eastern Bloc countries and, in turn, stymie communist expansion. As a consequence, Stalin required the Eastern Bloc nations, which were devastated by the war, to reject The Marshall Plan and instead instituted The Molotov Plan, which pledged to rebuild Eastern Europe. This tension led to both sides drawing a line in the sand. The Soviets and the United States positioned themselves on opposite sides of an ideological battle between communism and democracy, which marked the beginning of The Cold War. This is the NATO Authentication certificate that allsignatoriesreceivedafter signing the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949.Archive/U.S. Diplomacy Center Signing the North Atlantic Treaty The writing was on the wall: the Allied powers had defeated one totalitarian enemy only to suspect that another in the form of Soviet Russia was waiting on their doorstep. The United States feared the outbreak of another major war as tensions with the USSR escalated, and President Harry S. Truman believed that a strong political alliance was critical in containing the Soviet threat. As a result, Truman called for the formation of a defensive alliance of countries bordering the North Atlantic. The foundational idea behind this alliance was to serve as a deterrent against the USSR’s expansion into Western Europe. To do this, the signing nations agreed to a system of mutual defense. If one country was attacked by an outside power (like the USSR), it would be perceived as an attack against all of the alliance’s member nations. That would allow the United States to step in and help its democratic allies beat back a Soviet incursion, which in turn would prevent the encroachment of communism into Western Europe. This alliance was formalized with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. on April 4, 1949. These 12 originating countries, all of which were part of the Allied forces during World War II, created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. Master Sgt. Scott Wagers/Defense Department NATO’s Requirements for Membership In 1949, NATO limited its membership to 12 allied nations that shared a border with the Atlantic Ocean. But as the world became more connected politically and economically, NATO recognized the need to expand its membership. As of today, NATO membership is now open â€Å"any other European state in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area.† As a result, NATO membership as more than doubled since the alliance’s inception and now includes 29 member nations. (You can find a complete list of member countries a little later in this article!) NATO has expanded over the past 70 years, but membership criteria remains strict. Admission into NATO is outlined in Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty. Here’s what it says: The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession. Article 10 puts three stipulations on aspiring member states. First, new members must agree to all the elements of the North Atlantic Treaty, including its commitment to democracy and collective defense. Second, only European states can become members. And third, in order to join an aspiring nation must meet all the criteria set forth by current member states, which is summarized in a Membership Action Plan (MAP). NATO’s Membership Action Plan The MAP is the backbone of NATO’s admissions process and while it’s customized to fit each potential country, the MAP also requires each applying nation to report on its progress in each of five areas each year (until admission is granted or denied). These five areas are: Democracy: Willingness to settle international, ethnic or external territorial disputes by peaceful means, commitment to the rule of law and human rights, and democratic control of armed forces Finances: Ability to contribute to the organization's defense and missions Cooperation: Devotion of sufficient resources to armed forces to be able to meet the commitments of membership Security: Security of sensitive information, and safeguards ensuring it Compatibility: Compatibility of domestic legislation with NATO cooperation In addition to these general areas, each member nation is allowed to present additional criteria member nations must meet to gain admission. That means that each MAP is tailor-fit to each applying country; no two membership plans are alike! When a country receives a MAP, NATO provides feedback and advice to petitioning countries and evaluates their progress after their annual presentation. Once a country has met all the admissions criteria outlined in its MAP, NATO gives it an invitation to begin accession talks. NATO is selective about countries it gives a MAP to; in fact, countries must be nominated for admission into NATO by a current member nation before a MAP is ever considered! As of 2019, two countries- Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia- have a Membership Action Plan in place. Beyond being selective, NATO’s admissions process is a long one. How long, exactly? The three countries most recently admitted into NATO (Albania, Croatia, and Montenegro) took seven to eight years to complete their Membership Action Plans! Colin Watts/Unsplash Funding NATO Since NATO is a collective, each member nation is expected to contribute to the alliance financially. There are two ways member nations do this: through indirect and direct contributions. Indirect Contributions These are the largest pool of contributions and come when member countries volunteer resources to help NATO enact a policy or support a mission. For example, an indirect contribution would be a country contributing troops, equipment, or supplies to support one of NATO’s crisis management missions. Additionally, the country- not NATO- bears the cost for this donation. (In other words, countries donate these things at their own expense!) Direct Contributions Unlike indirect contributions, direct contributions are made financially. In other words, these are liquid funds that are used to support projects that benefit all member nations collectively. Each member nation is required to meet some form of its funding requirements through direct contributions. This is because there are some missions, like diplomatic or aid endeavors, that are best handled through immediate spending. How Much Do Countries Donate? So, how much is each country expected to pay into the collective NATO pool? Well, that depends. NATO uses a cost-sharing formula that accounts for each nation’s Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. This is calculated by percentage. In 2014, in an effort to increase NATO’s defense efforts, the NAC agreed to require each country to donate two percent of their GDP to NATO’s operating budget through indirect and direct contributions. This helps keep things fair. If NATO set a specific dollar amount that each country had to meet, smaller countries might struggle to meet their financial obligations. This way, each country can contribute based on how their economy is performing, which helps keep the financial burden of NATO membership equal. European NATO member nations are in navy blue Current NATO Member Nations NATO was originally founded by twelve nations that shared borders with the Atlantic Ocean, NATO membership has grown to include 29 nations from all around the world. Here’s a list of every nation currently in NATO along with their entrance date. (We’ve bolded the names of the founding 12 nations for easy reference, too.) Albania (2009) Greece (1952) Poland (1999) Belgium (1949) Hungary (1999) Portugal (1949) Bulgaria (2004) Iceland (1949) Romania (2004) Canada (1949) Italy (1949) Slovakia (2004) Croatia (1949) Latvia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Czech Republic (1999) Lithuania (2004) Spain (1982) Denmark (1949) Luxembourg (1949) Turkey (1952) Estonia (2004) Montenegro (2017) The United Kingdom (1949) France (1949) Netherlands (1949) The United States (1949) Germany (1955) Norway (1949) NATO's official flag NATO’s Purpose Today Although NATO was formed as a deterrent for the USSR’s expansion and the spread of communism, NATO didn’t disband when the USSR collapsed in 1991. Instead, NATO continues to fulfill the NATO definition of defending its members and supporting democracy to this day. In a 2010 Strategic Concept agreement, NATO states its three core tasks as collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security. These three goals form the backbone of NATO and steer its decisions. In the next section, we’ll take a look at each of these three pillars more closely. Collective Defense First and foremost, NATO serves as a defensive alliance founded on upholding democratic values and principles. Its primary purpose is creating a network of collective defense, which means that member nations work together to ensure that all countries in the alliance are secure from outside threats. NATO does this by sharing knowledge, financial, and personnel resources with member nations. This includes sharing intelligence, but it also involves more practical tactics like bringing countries’ military technology up to date. While NATO’s first goal is to resolve international conflicts diplomatically, the alliance is also set up to use military force to defend allied nations when necessary. This aspect of collective defense (also known as NATO’s Article 5) and was the major reason NATO was founded in 1949. This principle states that if one nation is attacked by an outside force, the alliance will view it as an attack on every member nation. In other words, attacking one member of NATO means that all the countries in the alliance will respond. This allows bigger, more powerful countries in the alliance to protect its smaller NATO allies. In turn, smaller nations give NATO better tactical positioning in relationship to potentially adversarial global powers (like Russia and China). By essentially surrounding potential adversaries with allied nations, NATO disincentivises territorial expansion. Crisis Management Because NATO is committed to maintaining global peace by promoting security, the organization is also committed to responding to global crises before, during, and after they arise. This includes a mix of military and non-military tactics which are tailored to each crisis, which in turn dictates the scope and scale of NATO’s response. NATO is also positioned to help other political allies, like the United Nations, in their responses to global crises. Most recently, NATO implemented the UN’s resolution to protect civilians in Libya during its civil war. Finally, because crisis management supports NATO’s commitment to security, NATO helps its member nations and political allies train in crisis management techniques. This ensures that NATO can respond quickly with an international effort whenever an international crisis arises. Cooperative Security NATO’s last, and newest, core task is cooperative security. Introduced in 2010, this task focuses on creating an extended network of cooperation between member and non-member countries to tackle global problems quickly and efficiently. To do this, NATO focuses on strengthening its relationships with partner nations. These are countries who aren’t part of NATO but work with NATO to tackle security problems in their region and across the world. As of 2019, NATO works with 40 other nations in some capacity. The goal of these partnerships is to share information, knowledge, and other resources in order to create more stability and security across the globe. Additionally, NATO makes sure that all of its member nations have fairly equal military and technological capabilities. This also includes training: all member nations have access to NATO trainers to make sure countries have the knowledge and skills they need to respond to security threats. By making sure all member nations are capable partners, NATO as a whole becomes stronger. A meeting of the North Atlantic Council in 2010Wikimedia NATO’s Command Structure NATO nations are committed to working together as part of the alliance and work together on a daily basis. In terms of the alliance’s operational structure, NATO is split into two major categories: the NATO diplomatic delegations and the military representatives. Let’s take a closer look at both to see how NATO nations work together to make decisions and work together toward their common goals. NATO Diplomatic Delegations and the North Atlantic Council The diplomatic delegations represent the political arm of NATO. Each NATO member nation sends a delegation to represent their country to NATO’s headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. These representatives attend around 6,000 meetings a year! The most important element of NATO’s political arm is the North Atlantic Council, or the NAC. This council oversees the political and military processes that affect the alliance. To this end, the NAC serves as the political decision-making body of NATO. In other words, any NATO decision- whether that’s an initiative, resolution, or military action- is voted on by the NAC. To keep representation equal, each member nation has one seat on the NAC, which meets once a week. And just like collective defense, the NAC operates through collective decision making. Unlike the U.S. legislature, where decisions are approved by majority vote, the NAC only implements policies that are â€Å"agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord.† In other words, the NAC makes decisions through consensus, and those decisions represent the will of every member country on the council. The diplomatic branch of NATO has one other notable subcommittee called the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). Like the NAC, every NATO member nation (with the exception of France, which decided not to participate) has representation within the committee whether they have nuclear capabilities or not. The group’s goal is to monitor nuclear forces around the globe while shaping NATO’s own nuclear policies in regards to arms control and nuclear proliferation. Thus, the NPG deals specifically with nuclear issues and reports to the NAC, who makes the final decision on anything the Nuclear Planning Group puts forward. The NATO Military Committee delivers remarks to the press Dominique A. Piniero/U.S. Department of Defense Military Representatives and the Military Committee Because NATO is a defense alliance, NATO has a military branch of operation, too. This branch is comprised of three operational groups: the Military Committee (MC), Allied Command Operations (ACO), and Allied Command Transformation (ACT). Let’s take a look at all three groups and their unique responsibilities. The Military Committee This committee advises the NAC on military policy and strategy and is charged with enacting all of NAC’s military-based decisions. Its main job is to oversee NATO’s military operations and translate the NAC’s decisions into military direction. Similar to the NAC, each nation has one representative that sits on the Military Committee. These seats are held by each member state’s Chief of Defense (or their proxy) and meet at least once a week to discuss ongoing operations and ongoing security concerns. Additionally, the Military Committee oversees the other two groups of the military branch: Allied Command Operations and Allied Command Transformation. Allied Command Operations NATO’s ACO is headquartered in Mons, Belgium at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), and it’s run by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). The ACO is responsible for the planning and execution of all Alliance operations and reports to the Military Committee. So once the NAC decides to use military force for crisis management, the control of the operation is turned over to the ACO, which runs the operation from beginning to end. To do this, ACO has three overlapping operational levels: strategic, operational, and tactical. This allows ACO to run complete military operations, including the command of both NATO and joint military forces (which are military forces â€Å"donated† to NATO by member nations for use in NATO-sanctioned operations). But as the world changes, so has the ACO’s role in NATO. The newest responsibility of ACO was assigned by the North Atlantic Council in 2018. After their meeting in Brussels, the NAC decided to establish a Cyberspace Operations Centre dedicated to defending member nations against cyber attacks from outside forces, too. Allied Command Transformation NATO’s ACT is the second branch of military command in NATO and was formed in 2003 to help NATO address future threats. It is located in Norfolk, Virginia and is run by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, or SACT. Like the ACO, the SACT reports to the Military Committee and is responsible for making sure that ACT and NATO are preparing for modern and future threats to the security of its member nations. Put another way, the goal of ACT is to plan for the future. Its job is to lay the groundwork for NATO’s military forces to adapt quickly to changing threats and prepare for security issues looming on the horizon. This includes reporting to the Military Committee and advising them on current tactics and future problems. Additionally,ACT is charged with bringing all member nations up to speed in terms of their military capabilities. Not only do they provide training to member nations’ military forces, they serve as a sort of lobby group to persuade member nations’ governments to invest in security and military preparedness, too. A Spanish F-18 takes off on aNATO bombing run during the Bosnian War Dixie Trawick/U.S. National Archives Key Moments in NATO History Ever since its founding in 1949, NATO has been a key actor in global political, military, and peacekeeping efforts. Here are some of the most pivotal moments in NATO’s seventy-year history. 1991: Collapse of the USSR In 1991, the USSR officially disbanded, granting each of its formerly-sovereign nations back their independence. This brought NATO’s original operating mission (and The Cold War) to an end; after all, NATO was originally created to stop the USSR and the spread of communism. Instead of disbanding, NATO nations decided to continue NATO’s mission of promoting peace, freedom, and collective security. 1995: The Bosnian War The Bosnian War began in 1992 with the breakup of Yugoslavia. As the situation deteriorated, the United Nations called for a no-fly zone to be set up over Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO stepped in to manage the operation on behalf of the UN and took its first military action when NATO shot down four Bosnian Serb aircraft that were violating the no-fly zone. 1999: Kosovo Intervention The Kosovo War began in 1998, and soon after the fighting began, reports began to trickle in about the displacement of more than 250,000 Albanians. The United Nations responded with a resolution calling for a ceasefire. When the resolution failed to stop the conflict, NATO issued an â€Å"activation warning,† which meant NATO was prepared to use military force to mitigate the conflict. When peace talks deteriorated, NATO launched an air campaign that included bombing of key targets. NATO also played a key role in negotiating the end of the war and helping restore stability by stationing 30,000 troops in Kosovo. 2001: September 11th, 2001 The terrorist attacks that brought down the Twin Towers in New York were the first foreign attack on U.S. soil since the bombing of Pearl Harbor during World War II. The attacks led NATO to invoke Article 5- which states that an attack on one ally is an attack on all- within 24 hours. In doing so, â€Å"NATO members showed their solidarity toward the United States and condemned, in the strongest possible way, the terrorist attacks against the United States.† 2003: War in Afghanistan As a result of Article 5, NATO nations rallied to support the United States’ conflict in Afghanistan. NATO agreed to eight official actions/missions, which included the deployment of troops, military support, and supplies to the region. In 2003, NATO also agrees to take command of the ISAF, or International Security Assistance Force, in Afghanistan, which marks the first NATO crisis management mission outside of the North Atlantic region. 2011: Libya Intervention The Libyan Civil War begins when Libyan protests against their totalitarian government bubble over into a full-blown revolution. The United Nations called for a ceasefire and authorized military measures to protect Libyan civilians. NATO began enforcing the UN’s resolution in March 2011, which included creating a no-fly zone over the country and 9,500 air strikes. After the rebel’s victory, NATO agreed to provide training for the new Libyan government and consult on security issues. Mahendra Kumar/Unsplash Resources for Further Reading Want to learn even more about the Cold War and NATO history? We’ve found four super helpful resources just for you! NATO’s Official Website NATO’s official website offers a thorough overview of NATO’s history along with its current policies, operations, and strategic missions. This is a great place to start if you want up-to-the-minute news about NATO’s current actions and international positions. (Don’t forget to check out NATO’s official Facebook, Youtube, and Twitter accounts, too.) It also has a fantastic chart that explains NATO’s operating structure! The U.S. State Department’s NATO Overview The U.S State Department’s overview of America’s involvement with NATO offers a more U.S. centered view on NATO’s formation, including the signing of the North American Treaty. For a short NATO history overview with a more American focus, this is a good place to start! Defense of the West by Stanley Sloan If you’re wanting a more comprehensive, in-depth look at the history of NATO from its formation to modern day, Stanley Sloan’s book should be your first stop. Sloan, a Senior Fellow in the Scowcroft Center at the Atlantic Council of the United States, dives into NATO’s definition, founding principles, and continued role on the world stage. He also discusses NATO’s future, especially as its member nations face new and complicated challenges to their security. Understanding NATO in the 21st Century edited by Graeme P. Herd and John Kriendler If you really want to dig deeper into NATO’s role in the 21st century, look no further than Graeme P. Herd and John Kriendler’s book. This book compilesessays from many different academics and historians to give readers a better, more thorough sense of NATO’s current role in global politics and the current challenges facing the organization. This is definitely an academic book, but the essays offer interesting new insights into NATO’s evolving role on the global stage. What’s Next? NATO is just one pivotal part of modern history...and it’s just one topic you might find on an AP History exam. To get a better understanding of U.S. history, check out some of these books on our AP History Exam reading list. Of course, one of the best ways to learn more about U.S. history is to make sure you’re taking history classes. Most high schools offer a variety of history classes, so make sure you’re taking the right ones for you. AP exams aren’t the only specialized tests available for college-bound high school students hoping to earn some college credit. Did you know that the SAT offers subject exams, too? This article will teach you more about the SAT subject tests and help you decide whether you should take them.

Research course - critical analysis paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research course - critical analysis - Term Paper Example In the course of this absenteeism, patients crowd the Nephrology facilities due to lack of adequate personnel to care of them. Their condition may worsen due to the delay in treatment. The purpose of this research is, therefore, to provide an outline of relationship among psychological empowerment, structural empowerment, and burnout in registered staff nurses working in outpatient Hemodialysis settings. This problem statement builds a strong statement by stating the Nephrology nurses usually go through during the burnout. It also clearly states the risks involved by mentioning the consequences of the burnout. From the problem statement, it is clear that the patients’ health is at risk. However, we are not told about the mechanisms through which the burnout comes about. Besides, Janice does not seem to take sides; one cannot easily tell the view from which the researcher argues (Houser, 2013). A research question is normally formulated before the onset of any field study. It normally addresses the cause and effect of the problem on the ground. In a research question, the researcher has no immediate answers. The researchers may design a set of questions that must only be answered by the analysis of the data collected in the field. However, it is not always obvious that the answers for the research questions are going to be obtained; some phenomena may remain ambiguity. An example of a research question in this context would be: What are the consequences of the burnout experienced by the Nephrology nurses? No research question was used in this study. Hypothesis, on the contrary, tries to make assumptions of the research questions. It tries to answer the questions prior to the field study. Hypotheses are, in essence, just the expected outcomes of the research. After data analysis, the hypotheses may be proved right or wrong. In this research, a number of hypotheses had been put forward by the author. They were

Looking back over this quarter, what have you learned about one Essay

Looking back over this quarter, what have you learned about one particular adventist belief that is new to you, or is a significant addition to what you have thought previously - Essay Example Because of that, this class has certainly made me think about things in different ways, even if it did not really make me believe the same things that the Seventh Day Adventists do. One of the biggest and most obvious differences is the fact that those in the Adventist religion believe in the idea that Jesus Christ is the savior of humanity. Obviously, this is not a belief in Islam. Much like other Christian denominations, the Seventh Day Adventists believe that if you accept Christ as your savior, then you will be free from sin and able to go into heaven. By contrast, Islamic people believe that only Allah can free you from sin, and that you must genuinely repent and atone for your sins first. That means that in Islam each person is in charge of clearing himself from sin, and that it cannot be done by simply accepting a particular prophet as your I think there are some interesting things to say about both the Islamic and the Seventh Day Adventist beliefs about sin. For one thing, as a Muslim I am not sure that it is a very good idea to tell every single human being that they can be cleaned of sin simply by believing that the son of God has been punished for the sins that you commit. I think that it is much more helpful to society and to the world if, instead, every individual person has to properly and fully repent for the sins that they have committed before Allah (or God). That way, each person really thinks about what they have done thats wrong, and will truly feel sorry about it, so they are less likely to sin again. In Seventh Day Adventism, I would worry that people might not really repent from the sins they have committed, and this might mean that they would do the same thing again. On the other hand, the Seventh Day Adventist belief in Christ is like that of other Christian churches. They believe that while he is the son of God, he is also God himself. In this case, then, there is not much difference in having Christ

Nursing Care Plan Assessment Health And Social Care Essay

Nursing Care Plan Assessment Health And Social Care Essay Gastroesophageal reflux is also referred to as GERD. It is caused by your esophagus becoming agitated by acidic substances coming from the stomach. It is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (referred to as reflux) which can cause inflammation and damage to the lining of the esophagus. This action can irritate the esophagus, causing heartburn as well as other symptoms. GERD is associated with failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to properly close. The outcome is reflux of acid into the unprotected lining of the esophagus which can be uncomfortable and painful to the patient. The pathophysiology of GERD indicates that the inner lining of the esophagus does not have the protection that is found in the stomach and therefore the acid could cause harm to the esophagus. The signs and symptoms a patient experiences are caused by the contact of unprotected lining of the tissue (esophageal) to acid. GERD is a chronic condition, once a patient has experienced the onset most likely they will deal with it the rest of their life. One major symptom experienced is acid reflux and heartburn,indigestion lasting up to two hours however; these two symptoms alone are not sole indicators of the diagnosis. GERD may also manifest as chest pain, tightness of the throat, difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, dysphagia, dry cough and a persistent cough. Other symptoms include feeling that food may be trapped behind breastbone, hiccups, regurgitation of food, and nausea after eating, and hoarseness in the voice. 3. Clinical manifestation from text: Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when food is passed from the pharynx into the esophagus (located behind the posterior trachea) by a peristalsis which is a propelling motion. The food is then carried from the esophagus to the stomach where acid production is created. What occurs next is that the esophagus produces bicarbonate and mucus that will from a protective barrier. This process creates a higher pH that the stomach. If the sphincter muscle does not close well, liquid, food and stomach acid can leak backward into the esophagus. The esophagus is divided into an upper and lower sphincter. The upper prevents air from entering during respirations and will open when food needs to pass. The lower sphincter opens while food is being passed to the stomach (i.e. LES). When the esophagus is in a healthy state, there are three mechanisms that keep acid out while swallowing. They include the following: Swallowed saliva which helps neutralize stomach acid. Next, sweeping muscles contractions w here the motion cleanses the lower esophagus stomach acid. Some main contributing factors that interfere with the LES working properly is obesity, pregnancy and asthma. Excess weight actually puts extra pressure on the diaphragm and stomach. In pregnancy the pressure on the stomach has a higher level of progesterone hormone which in turn relaxes the LES muscle as well as other muscle groups. It is unclear as to why asthma is a contributing factor to interference of the LES mechanisms but it is believed that coughing may lead to the pressure changes on the diaphragm. Some identified risk factors for reflux include hiatus hernia. This is a condition in which part of the stomach moves above the diaphragm (muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities). Medications may cause or worsen GERD symptoms. They include the following medications: Anticholinergics, Beta-blockers (high blood pressure meds), Bronchodilators (asthma), Calcium channel blockers (BP medication), Dopamine-active d rug for Parkinsons disease, Progestin for abnormal menstrual bleeding, Sedatives used for insomnia or anxiety and finally Tricyclic antidepressants. . 4. Diagnostic Evaluation from text: 1. Review of History Obtain a detailed inquiry about the patients normal pattern of diet, and any other symptoms the patient may be experiencing. This is also a good time to question if they are taking any OTC medications. It is important to assess the duration of the problem. Next ask how long the patient has been experiencing reflux which will provide useful causative information. Determine what foods the patient is consuming, if they exercise, how much fluid intake daily, and most importantly if they are smoking -which inhibits saliva and may also increase acid production and weaken the LES. Certain exercise and bending may increase the abdominal pressure. Also wearing tight clothing (increase abdominal pressure) or lying flat after a meal may relax the muscles causing reflux. Ask about the patients diet and educate them on foods to avoid. For example, foods high in fat and greasy take longer to digest. Chocolate, peppermint, spearmint, weaken the LES. In addition, Carbonated and alcoholic beverages i ncrease the acidity in the stomach. Warn patient to consume smaller meal because large meals produce large acid levels. Other foods to avoid are citrus, onions and tomatoes. In general, all foods which contain a high acidic level may be irritating to the esophagus. Document any abnormal findings in patient record or MAR. Question the patients family history of disease and initial onset or exacerbation of episode. Finally, the evaluation should include the patients description of sensation of the symptoms. 2. Laboratory /Diagnostic Tests The most commonly used diagnostic tests include the following lab tests:-esophageal pH monitoring, esophageal manometry, the acid perfusion (Bernstein) test and the gastric analysis. A barium swallow and a Radionuclide scintigraphy may also be ordered by the MD. Specialty Lab tests CDSA 2.0 with parasitology, Detoxification Profile, Standard and Menopause Profile. Diagnostic tests use to diagnose GERD include: Barium swallow, Endoscopy, Esophageal motility studies, ambulatory pH monitoring and Esophageal manometry. 5. Therapeutic Management from text: Although GERD can be treated in several different ways most physicians will recommend antacids and changing the diet to a healthier one. Other methods of treatment include alternative medicines such as acupuncture and herbal tonics which promote proper function to the lower esophageal sphincter and acid production of the stomach. If recommended by a physician, surgery is an option for those with serious complication. The most common surgery is the Nissen Fundoplication. This surgery involves wrapping the fundus of the stomach around the lower esophagus and sutures the fundus to itself. Available therapies include a combination of the following types of medication: Benzodiazepines, Theophylline, and Narcotics containing codeine, Calcium channel blockers, Nitroglycerine, Anticholinergics, Potassium supplements, Iron supplements, NSAIDS, Fosamax, and Erythromycin. Patient Education: We want to educate the patient on how to prevent future flair ups. Because foods play an important role w e will educate the patient to avoid: chocolate, alcohol, caffeine, citrus fruits and vegetables, spicy or fatty foods, full fat dairy products, peppermint and spearmint Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. PubMed. Retrieved February 2011, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001311/. Other preventative measures we can encourage pts to do is to avoid bending over after eating and avoid tight fitting waist bands on clothing. Also instruct pt not to lie down with a full stomach. It is extremely important to encourage them not to smoke and if they are smokers educate them on smoking cessation. If a patient is overweight, encourage an exercise regimen designed and individualized specifically for the pt. Weight loss and eating smaller meals in key to their diet change. Also have patient refrain from eating 3 hours after bedtime and stay upright position two hours after each meal. Inform the patient that the head of the bed must be raised approximately 6 inches. It is important to let pt know about OTC and presription options. Some medications available are Proton pump inhibitors which are the most potent acid inhibitors. Prilosec, Prevacid, Zantac, Tigamet and Protonix Common Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions: Altered Nutrition: less than body requirements R/T vomiting: Educate patient on importance of eating healthy and increasing caloric intake as necessary. Nausea R/T gastric irritation food AEB vomiting after meals: Dietary changes to decrease frequency of nausea Risk for Aspiration: Assist in correcting factors that can lead to aspiration Deficit Fluid Volume: Encourage daily fluid intake of 2000 to 3000 ml/day, if not contraindicated medically. Assess V/S respirations, (temp pulse may be elevated). Note change in functional behavior (i.e. confusion, falling, lethargy, dizziness). PRIORTIZED FHP ASSESSMENT: Activity/Exercise Subjective: My energy level is very low recently and I dont exercise very often. Patient reports that she only exercise she gets lately is, while I am working on my hobbies, not much walking mostly standing, Patient denies any chest pain but does experience a shortness of breath upon exertion. Patient admits that she lives a very sedentary lifestyle. Patient states she is totally independent with activities of daily living ADLs and has no difficulty performing usual ADLs. Patient states her leisure activities include: taking photos and enjoying my art work of painting. Patient does not use any assisted devices for walking and does not exercise daily. Objective: 1.Patient has no VTE risk factors and can ambulate fully and independently with daily ADLs. No fall risk identified and pt reports she does not do any physical activity such as exercising while at home. Diet: Patient is on NPO for stress test ordered today. Abdomen is soft, non distended, and non tender, bowel sounds are present in all four quadrants. Patient activity order is full ambulation, full weight bearing and activity. Impairments include decreased mobility and experiences SOB on excretion. Energy level is described good but easily fatigued with high level of exertion 2. Hygiene: fully independent-sponge washed independently. Respiratory data indicates no SOB while speaking, patient able to carry long conversations without difficulty. MD ordered continuous O2 via nasal cannula; no fall precautions were ordered. Upon auscultation of lung sounds anterior and posterior were auscultated, on auscultation lung sounds clear bilaterally. Chest is non tender to the touch. R espiratory: No cough, no dyspnea noted (O2 2liters). Alert and oriented. Assessment Cardio Vascular: Regular rate rhythm, no chest pain, no palpations, pt denies SOB at resting; Chest: Lungs Clear bilaterally; Cardiac auscultation indicates regular rhythm, no murmurs, P 68. BP 154/84. RR 18, O2 SAT 94% on O2 2 liter via nasal cannula, T 97.1 (orally). Radial pulse is palpable on both sides, strong and equal bilaterally. Abdomen: bowel sounds present, soft, non distended, non tender upon palpation. Pt denies any pain in abdomen. ROM (active/passive) assessment revealed no signs of pain (0/0 pain scale) on when force applied during passive range of motion. Muscle strength RUE 5/5 and LUE 5/5 RLE 5/5 and LLE 5/5. Although no weakness noted in upper and lower extremities, patient states that stressing her muscles for a long period of time increases her fatigue. CSM: Color pink and even, full sensation and patient able to wiggle toes without difficulty. TEMP: warm to the touch. A Capillary refill test done on UE indicates normal blood return (less than 3 second return). Medications ordered: Acetaminophen 650 mg PO every 4 hours, Aspirin enteric coated 81 mg PO daily, Atorvastatin PO 10 QHS, Maalox-Alumina, Magnesia, S PRN PO every 6 hours, Pantoprazole 40mg PO twice daily, Metoprolol Tartate PO 25 mg twice daily, Ibuprofen PO 400mg ever 6 hours and Bactrim DS PO 1 tab twice daily. Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired physical mobility related to SOB with intense activity and inability to move purposefully within the environment. Outcome: Pt will verbalize understanding of importance of exercise activity to increase abdominal muscle strength to strengthen muscle groups and increase breathing ability. Cognition/Perceptual Subjective: Patient states, I was awoken by chest pain that went to the back of my jawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I had very spicy food for dinner and thought it was heartburn or my GERD acting up Patient recalls why she was admitted to hospital, I got up and thought it would be best for my husband to bring me to the ER. At first I thought it was the usual reflux pain but it ended up getting a lot worse. Objective: Patient alert and oriented x3, speech is clear with no slur or stutter. Pt has no difficulty expressing ideas and feelings clearly and concisely. Patient is well oriented to place and time is and shows no signs of confusion or disorientation. Pt appears comfortable and verbalizes she does not currently have any level of pain. Patient PMH: Esophageal ulcers, High Cholesterol, high blood pressure, Fibromyalgia, Ulcers in esophagus,? MRSA in left leg when pt had cellulites in the past. Nursing Diagnosis: Sedentary lifestyle related to shortness of breath during activities AEB pt weight gain. Outcome: Patient will have full understanding of importance of increase activity and importance of low fat diet. Nutrition Metabolic Subjective: Patient Diet: on NPO due to scheduled Stress Test. Patient states that prior to patient being hospitalized she was totally dependent with feeding herself and states, I usually only eat lunch and dinner and usually skip breakfast. I love food so I pretty much eat anything. Patient reports burning in esophagus and can feel acid coming up in the past and take OTC drugs to control if necessary. Objective: Pt on NPO diet, no deficits noted, patient over weight (wt 211.6 lbs). Patient complains of not eating the right foods daily. Encouraged patient to increase fluids to 2,000 mLs everyday and choose beverages low in calorie (i.e. diet soda and water). Assessment of integumentary skin: no rashes, no lesions or broken skin or erythemia noted one bruise on left lower extremity. No fever, no chills, no sore throat. Gastro: the pt has history of GERD and esophageal ulcers. Genitourinary: no hematuria, no dysuria, no frequency, no urgency. Encourage a well balanced diet, and adequate fluid intake to promote peristalsis. Edema test done to ankles (no trace or pitting edema noted =normal). Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for deficient fluid volume related to inefficient H2O intake as evidenced by complaints of dry mouth and pt verbal cues. Outcome: Patient will increase fluid intake to 2,000 mLs to increase hydration prior to discharge. Coping and Stress Subjective: I want to get better and know that I need to work on my diet and make changes in my lifestyle. Patient states that she only slept a total of 5 hours. Objective: Pt denies and feeling of depression and is happy in home life with husband. Patients EMR indicated that her behavior was cooperative. Patient verbally expressed appreciation and gratitude when educating her on some relaxation techniques (i.e. deep meditative breathing). Nursing Diagnosis: Readiness for enhanced Outcome: Pt to demonstrate relaxation techniques prior to discharge. Health Perception/ Health Management Subjective: I try to take care of all my health needs but I dont always feel good about my food choices. I know that if I dont start watching my weight, I am going to get diabetes. Patient indicated that he regularly follows up with his PCP and dentist and all medical appointments as necessary. Objective: Pt is alert and oriented, has overall good hygiene and likes to be well groomed. She shows ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) independently and was very cooperative, allowing me to take V/S and examine her feet which soft, pink and adequately maintained. Patient demonstrates full independence with hygiene activities such as bathing; dressing and toileting require no assistance. General foot appearance of patient is good, with her nails trimmed, hair is maintained. Patient wanted to wash her hair which indicates a healthy perception of hygiene and was appreciative when given a shampoo cap to use. Admission Labs: HGB:13.2 g/dL, HCT: 41.1%, WBC: 13.7 (elevated), RBC: 4.87, MCH: 27.0, MCV 84.4, MXHX 32.0, RDW 14.0, Plt count 211, MPV 7.5l , Neutrophils 70, Lymphocytes 26, Atypical Lymphs 14, Monocytes 1L, Eosinophils 3, Absolute neutrophil 4.5, Lymphocytes 8.3 (high), Monocytes 0.4, Eosinophils 0.2, Basophils 0.2, Platelet estimate adequate. Admission V/S BP 143/74, (T)97.8 orally, (P)69, R:19, SaO2 (96% on RA). Nursing Diagnosis: Readiness for enhanced therapeutic regimen Outcome: Patient will maintain responsibility for planning and achieving self care goals Self Perception/Self Concept Subjective: I am aware when I need medical attention and will get medical treatment and see my doctor when necessary. Patient expressed that she always follows up with her healthcare needs and does not ignore signs and symptoms of being ill. Objective: Pt exhibits positive self esteem and currently has no worries in life except the possibility of developing diabetes because of her weight gain. When I questioned her about her knowledge of the disease she stated that she knew it was a disease that occurred when people were overweight and ate junk food. She indicates a strong determination when discussing the willingness to change her eating habits and developing a healthier lifestyle (i.e. walking more and being more active). She shows some indications of embarrassment for letting herself gain weight over the years. Nursing Diagnosis: Readiness for enhanced self care. Outcome: Patient will maintain responsibility for planning and achieving self care goals Elimination Subjective: I had a bowel movement this morning. Objective: Bowel habits: soft, formed. Medium, brown BM x1 every day. Bladder habits: voids x3 -5 times a day. Patient denies any burning, pain, urgency, or dribbling during urination. Patient also states that she does not usually have issues with having bowel movement. Prior to hospital admission patient denies taking any laxatives. Patient is able to independently toilet self. No abdominal distention noted upon palpation. Bowel Sound: present in all 4 quadrants. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for constipation Outcome: Patient will have a regular BM once daily Roles/Relationships Subjective: I have a wonderful husband and one son. Patients participation in group social activities has been relatively healthy most of her life. I love my artwork and previously had a shop which has been closed for several years nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I thought was time to retire. Objective: Patient lives with husband and son frequently visits and she speaks very highly of them both. Patient appears to be overall in good spirits and satisfied with home life. Patient did not have any visitors but received phone calls from family members. Pt also made phone call on two occasions to check up on husband during my interview. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk of caregiver role strain. Outcome: Pt will be able to provide clues to potential stressors and possible supportive interventions before discharge. Sleep Rest Subjective: Pt complains of sleep deprivation last night, I just couldnt fall asleep, probably because Im not in my own bed. I think I only slept a total of 4 hours. Objective: Patient complains that she sometimes does not sleep at night and her MAR indicates poor sleep habits. Pt could benefit with sleep aid to help her sleep through the night. Pt complains of pain and discomfort while trying to sleep (Fibromyalgiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦skin sometimes hurts). Patient describes sleep pattern at home usually only needing six hours of sleep daily. Patient denies taking any sleep aide medications while at home. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk of sleep deprivation related to bilateral lower extremity pain. Outcome: Patient to practice healthy sleep patterns while in hospital within 1 day. Value Belief Subjective: I go to church, but not as often as I use to especially in the cold Objective: Pt declined discussing spirituality and value system. Sexuality Subjective: I dont see how these questions relate to my health. Objective: Pt declined to discuss this topic with me during the interview. Nursing Care Plan Nursing Diagnosis: Sedentary lifestyle R/T lack of training for accomplishment of physical exercise AEB by patient verbal cues and demonstrating physical deconditioning. Goal: Patient will verbally understand the importance of regular exercise to general well being by discharge. INTERVENTIONS SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE 1. Abdomen inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation and measurement of abdominal girth. 1. Will provide objective data on the patients bowel elimination status. (Craven 1126) 2. Encourage daily exercise regimen 2. Will provide education on importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 3. Encourage daily fluid intake of 2000 to 3000 ml/day, if not contraindicated medically. 3.Will assist in peristalsis and segmentation of stool Patients, (Craven 1122) 4. Encourage increased activity and patient to exercise or increase daily activity. 4. Ambulation and/or abdominal exercises strengthen abdominal muscles help facilitate defecation and will help increase peristalsis. (http://www.mayoclinic.com/health) 5. Position bed in lowest position, with side rails up 5. Low position of bed minimizes distance to the floor so if client falls, side rails maintain patient safety (Craven, 675) 6. Place client call light within reach and explain the call system as assess the ability to use it. 6. A call light allows the patient to call for help if needed (Craven, 675). 7. Promote normal bowel health Assess usual pattern of elimination; compare with present pattern. Include size, frequency, color, and quality. 7. Normal frequency of passing stool varies from twice daily to once every third or fourth day. It is important to ascertain what is normal for each individual. (Craven, p. 1117) 8. Encourage a regular time for elimination. Many persons defecate following first daily meal or coffee, as a result of the gastrocolic reflex; depending on the persons usual schedule, any regular time is fine. 8. Many persons defecate following first daily meal or coffee, as a result of the gastrocolic reflex; depending on the persons usual schedule, any time, as long as it is regular, is fine. (Craven, 1117) 9. Assess orthostatic hypotension before taking the client OOB to chair, if any signs of dizziness or lightheadedness. 9. Rationale: allows nurse to be aware of orthostatic hypotension upon standing which may result in a fall. (Craven, 457) 10. Place patient call light with reach, and explain the system and assess the ability to use it 10. Promotes safety and decreases stress for patient allows pt to call for help If needs assistance to toilet after given stool softener or enema. (Craven 675)

The US Capitol Building Essay -- United States Capitol American Histor

The US Capitol Building Our nation's revolution was a great achievement in U.S History. With the dawn of a new nation, there would have to be a central location to make the new decisions of our country. Our capitol has stood as the heart of our country since the late 1700s. The United States capitol is among the most architecturally impressive and symbolically important buildings in the world. For almost two centuries it has housed the meeting chambers of the senate and the House of Representatives. Begun in 1793, the capitol building has been built, burnt, rebuilt, extended, and restored. Today our capitol stands as a monument to the American people and their government. (AOC.gov) "Where to put a nation's capitol?" was the exact question that irritated George Washington and a man by the name of Pierre L'Enfant, city planner and engineer. "The District of Columbia is a perfect site; its in the middle of the 14 states, halfway between Massachusetts and Georgia," exclaimed Washington. Being near to the ocean so that many people can get to it easily. In 1790, Congress passed the "Residence Act," which provides that the federal government will be located in a permanent site on the Potomac River by 1800. Pierre Charles L'Enfant develops plan for capital city; he and President Washington select site for "Congress House" on Jenkins Heights. With a location chosen the only task now is to design the capitol building. (Prolman, 5) "Five hundred dollars will be the reward for the architect who sets forth the plans for our nations new capitol building." Thomas Jefferson stated. He was also included in the long list of contestants who submitted thier construction designs. Three months after the contest ended, a man by the name of Dr .William Thorton submitted his designs of the capital. (Prolman, 5) His design was a Neo-classical plan that followed the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome. He drew a building that consists of two wings that extended north and south of a centural section. A huge cast-iron dome rests on the central section of the building.(World, 196) President Washington was very pleased with Dr. Thorton's plans and he was awarded first prize. Now it was time for Washington to lay the cornerstone on September 18, 1793.(National Park) Construction was a very labor intensive and time-consuming process. The sandstone... ...at about 10 million people come to visit this monument every year. Tours every thirty minutes of the capitol building are open from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. everyday. For recorded information regarding tours of the Capitol, call 202-225-6827. (AOC.gov) Since the building of Congress was built it has been through many stages. Being the meeting house for the bodies that govern our land of the free since 1793. The United States Capitol is one of the greatest structures in the world also serving as a symbol to the people of our nation. It will forever be the heart of our nation.(New Book, 420) Bibliography Aikman, Lowell. "US. Captol, Citidel of Democracy" The National Geographic; August, 1952:147-162 AOC.Gov- The United States Capitol, http://www.aoc.gov National Park Science- US Capritol Building, Wed. May 17, 2000. http://www.cr.nps.govNR/travel/wash/dc76.htm New Book of Knowledge, The. "Capitol,US" Deluxe Library Edition, copyright 1999, vol. 3Cp. 420 Prolman, Marilyn. The Story of the Capitol. copyright 1969, p. 5-9 World Book Encyclopedia, "Capitol, US" Vol. 3, Ch. C, Copyright 1996, p. 196

My Role as a Nurse in Canada

Collaboration implies working together for the greater good, but it actually encompasses far more. Several preconditions must be in place in order for collaboration to be successful. As a nurse in a health care setting, collaboration is very important to facilitate better patient outcomes. During my practice in the hospital communication is vital for collaborative nursing to be successful. Team work is the key for all staff member. Working together requires communication. As healthcare professionals, we need to look at the whole picture and meet all of the needs of our patients.As nurses, it is essential that we give up some power and trust that other members of the team are just as important in providing comprehensive, quality care. With that in mind, we will always do what is best for our patients, even when that means relinquishing some control. In my experience I rely on the nursing aids as my eyes and ears because they are in the frontline but maintaining professional roles. In the role of teacher, I am frequently asked health, medication and growth and development questions.He or she also often provides additional details on a diagnosis not quite understood by patient or family members, the nurse helps clients learn about their health and the health care procedures they need to perform to restore or maintain their health. I assess the client’s learning needs and readiness to learn, sets specific learning goals in conjunction with the client, enacts teaching strategies and measures learning. Another form of role is a Nurse educator, combine clinical expertise and a passion for teaching into rich and rewarding careers.These professionals, who work in the classroom and the practice setting, are responsible for preparing and mentoring current and future generations of nurses. I have been in the academe for 4 years as a Nurse educators I have a pivotal role in strengthening the nursing workforce, serving as role models and providing the leadership neede d to implement evidence-based practice. As a nurse educator I express a high degree of satisfaction with my work. Watching future nurses grow in confidence and skill as the most rewarding aspects of this job. The nurse is a caregiver first and foremost.Nurse Caregiver is the one who give love and care to the people that need someone that can care not only physical and also the emotional and also the love that needed of the people with special needs and also to the aged person. I can definitely relate to this role because I have been a care giver before and it gives me much fulfillment as a nurse to see someone smiles and give gratitude for the tender loving care that you give them. Counselling is a process of helping a client to recognize and cope with stressful psychological or social problems, to developed improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal growth.It involves providing emotional, intellectual, and psychological support. In my practice as a nurse I encoun tered lots of situation wherein a patient or family member needed counselling regarding health related issues. As a counsellor I give information regarding their health related issues and assess how effective are the patient coping with it, based on my assessment that I patterned my intervention. Sometimes the nurse must serve as patient advocate in helping loved ones make difficult decisions. Providing education and detailed information regarding treatment options is only the beginning.The nurse asks for input from patient and families. That, in addition, to his/her own observations about each patient – and the knowledge from caring for hundreds of other patients – allows the nurse to best create an individualized care plan. As a Client advocate I acts to protect the client. In this role the nurse i represent the client’s needs and wishes to other health professionals, such as relaying the client’s wishes for information to the physician. I also assist c lients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves. Communication is an integral to all nursing roles.Nurses communicate with the client, support persons, other health professionals, and people in the community. In the role of communicator, nurses identify client problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of the health team. The quality of a nurse’s communication is an important factor in nursing care. In my practice I usually communicate with other health professional regarding the most effective intervention for the client, like referring them to a specialist or to a social worker, helping the client achieve the optimal health status possible.The nurse has significant responsibility as a supervisor of delegated or assigned activities. Each person involved in this process is accountable for his or her own actions or inaction and is potentially liable if competent and safe care is not provided. Certainly, the educational p reparation and demonstrated ability of the person who will perform the designated act must be evaluated by the nurse making the decision to delegate tasks to others. In my practice decision to delegate essentially involves the use of the nursing process, i. e. appropriate assessment of the circumstances (staff available and patient acuity), planning, implementation, and evaluation by the delegator. It is up to me to make a professional judgment based upon the information available for me in each specific situation. Every day, nurses are responsible for the health and well-being of their patients. Regardless of specialty or work setting, perform basic duties that include treating patients, educating patients and the public about various medical conditions, and providing advice and emotional support to patients' family members.Doing this roles of nurses are basically the same in any work setting, with my education and experience I am very confident that I can do this roles when I prac tice as a registered nurse here in Canada, although there are some anxiety involved regarding the whole process, but I feel confident that I can do the job because I already have the experience being a licensed practical nurse first then moving up to becoming a registered nurse plus my previous experience as a registered nurse in the Philippines. The management and leadership competencies that I currently possess, and comfortable of using is communication.Because I am a type of person that is very organized and to be able to achieve this is to have a good communication with other members of the team, and I am very comfortable in speaking the English language because back home in the Philippines we are use to using English as a medium for instruction so there not much adjustment on my part. Barriers for this competency that might challenge me is the possibility of sending or receiving incorrect messages. So it is essential that we know the key components of the communication process, how to improve our skills, and the potential problems that exist with errors in communication.After I graduates from nursing school and gets my Registered Nurse (RN) license in the Philippines, somehow I got to possess some fundamental leadership skills to apply to direct patient care. I would identify more to a directive autocrat type of leadership, because for me it would be more effective to direct each team member to do a specific task to complete, ensuring that command and supervision as to what to do, and see to it that it gets completed accordingly. Positive side of this type of leadership is that the nurse leader tries to ensure that the whole unite works as a team to get the tasks done.

Personal Essay on Why I Vote

Personal Essay on Why I Vote Why Do I Vote? As far as politics is concerned, society falls into two categories – those who partake in it and those who don’t. As for me, I am not the one to go to meetings, become a member of some party, or argue with other people for my beliefs. At the same time, I belong to the group that chooses to take part in the political life of the country. Why is it so? I will explain. Being an active person, I always try to be aware of the most essential events going on in my country, and if something huge happens, I prefer not to be a distant observer. At the same time, I am not that interested in politics as to risk my life for it and spoil relations with people. The majority of time I am in neutral position, still keeping an eye on what is going on, but I always partake in such events as elections and polls. Thus, I consider myself to be a peaceful and full-fledged society member. Some people don’t like to vote, as they think that their opinion doesn’t bother anyone. But to my mind, they just have problems with self-esteem, and nothing more. Of course, I am just one of millions of people who are living in this country and voting, but I know that I can make a difference and that my vote is a part of it. Every time I go to elections and choose the candidate or party that, to my mind, is the most honest and suitable for the given position. And I think that I behave in the right way. I feel that my vote makes a difference for me, which is the most important, to my mind.